Chandelier cell is unusual Y--aminobutityric acidergic interneurons located in the cerebral cortex. Fig.1:Right side: image of Chandelier cell. The dark blue center is the axon. On the ends of the dendrites are vertical projections sometimes called boutons as well as Ch terminals. Ch terminals resemble candlesticks giving overall appearance of a chandel) The Chandelier cell is an GABA interneuron.(1) This cell is believed to be responsible for epilepsy as well as higher logic in humans compared to any other mammal.(3) Chandelier cell has direct links to be causing tempotal lobe epilepsy. The location of epileptic foci shows decreased amount of cells in researched humans and animals which leads to epilepsy. The main factors for epilepsy is loss of neurons, which might be thru lesions. Chandelier cells are found in all mammals. The diferences of how human chandelier cells interactcompared to any other mammalian chandelier cell might be the answer to human inteligence and other advantages human has over other mammals, such as speech, etc.(4)

Neuronal Type: local interneuron. The Chandelier cell has smooth non spiny dendrites with vertical projections at the ends of short axons called, Ch terminals, which look like candlesticks. The overall appearance of a cell bears resemblence of a chandelier and thats were the name comes from. The main location for chandelier cells is cerebral cortex. They also can be found in parts of these cortexes: paleocortex, archicortex and mesocortex, which include the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, hippocampus, fascia dentata and cingulate cortex. The number of Chandelier cells is in a very small percentage compared to all GABA interneurons. Initially chandelier cell was missed by Cajal and Lorente. The identification came from Szentagothai and Arbib on 1974. Neurotransmitter: _Chandalier cells use γ-amino butyric acid as inhibitory transmitter which relates them to GABA . It helps chandelier cells to depolarize pyramidal cells because cell soma is less depolarized than the axon due to chloride reversal potential.

It takes only one action potential from Chandelier cell to send multiple spikes to pyramidal cells, thus enabling cortical microcircuit. Spikes in the pyramidal neurons exhibit excitatory feedback towards chandelier cells. The feedback occurance was noted in the amygdala making it possible for chandelier cell role to be beyond its initial thought premises. Chandelier cells use pyramidal neurons to send many synapses to the initial axon segment, the place of action potential. The depolarizing shift in EGABA was reported to come from dendride to soma to axon. In addition axon favor of NKCCl,chloride importer, might be a way of keeping EGABA depolirized. The spikes have shown to be temporal and precise with low jigger, when studies were done in vivo and in vitro.(5) Studies in mice cerebral cortex testing for spike quickness by the means of brief pulse injections of depolarizing current with a train of narrow action potentials have shown chandelier cell to respond very quickly. The pyramidal cell because of action potential, spikes chandelier cell.

Cahndelier strikes second pyramidal cell, which goes into postsynaptic strike for another chandelier cell.While this takes place second pyramidal cell stimulate chandalier and basket cell to a treshhold. chandelier club darboyBasket cell creates ISPS on the third pyramidal cell. chandeliers penrithThe chandelier cell that spikes activates another neuron to fire. arctic pear chandelier by ochreThe whole sequence of events results in ESPS-ISPS-ESPS. 1 DeFelipe J. (1999) Chandelier cells and epilepsy, Brain, 122: 1807-1822. 3 Randhawa G. (2008) How chandelier cells light up human thought , New Schientist. 4 Woodruff A.,Yuste R. (2008) Of Mice and Men, and Chandeliers, PLoS, 6(9):1833-1836. Epub 2012 Nov 22.Taniguchi H1, Lu J, Huang ZJ.

Author information1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.AbstractDiverse γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing interneurons regulate the functional organization of cortical circuits and derive from multiple embryonic sources. The developmental specification of this bona fide interneuron type likely contributes to the assembly of a cortical circuit motif.PMID: 23180771 PMCID: PMC4017638 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227622 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC ArticlePublication TypesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMeSH TermsAnimalsCell LineageFemaleInterneurons/metabolismInterneurons/physiology*Lateral Ventricles/cytologyLateral Ventricles/embryologyMiceMice, Mutant StrainsNeocortex/cytology*Neocortex/embryologyNeural Stem Cells/metabolismNuclear Proteins/geneticsNuclear Proteins/metabolismPyramidal Cells/metabolismPyramidal Cells/physiology*Transcription Factors/geneticsTranscription Factors/metabolismgamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolismSubstancesNuclear ProteinsTranscription Factorsthyroid nuclear factor 1gamma-Aminobutyric AcidGrant SupportR01 MH094705/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United StatesR01 MH094705/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United StatesFull Text SourcesHighWireEurope PubMed

Central - Author ManuscriptOvid Technologies, Inc.PubMed Central - Author ManuscriptPubMed Central Canada - Author ManuscriptOther Literature SourcesSee the articles recommended by F1000Prime's Faculty of more than 5,000 expert scientists and clinical researchers. - Faculty of 1000Molecular Biology DatabasesKOMP RepositoryMouse Genome Informatics (MGI)Research MaterialsSTOCK Nkx2-1/J - Jackson Laboratory JAX®Mice Database Reconstruction of a mouse chandelier cell. Soma and dendrites are labeled in blue, axon arbor in red. (Woodruff & Yuste, 2008, PLoS Biology) Hypothesized Propagation of Activity in Human Neocortex:[1] An action potential in a pyramidal neuron (cell 1) elicits a spike in a chandelier cell (2) via a strong connection, in turn evoking a third-order spike in a downstream pyramidal cell (3). This spike results in a trisynaptic EPSP being recorded in a postsynaptic pyramidal cell (cell 4, event A). At the same time, cell 3 drives both a basket cell (5) and chandelier cell (6) to threshold.

The basket cell evokes a hyperpolarizing IPSP on the postsynaptically recorded pyramidal cell (cell 4, event B), four synapses removed from the original spike. The spiking chandelier cell (6) triggers yet another pyramidal neuron to fire (7), which produces an EPSP on the recorded neuron (cell 4, event C), five synapses away from the original spike. The result seen in the postsynaptic pyramidal neuron (cell 4) is a delayed EPSP-IPSP-EPSP sequence (events A, B, and C), traveling through three, four, and five synapses respectively. Molnár et al. propose[2] that polysynaptic pathways similar to this one can be activated by a single action potential in a cortical pyramidal cell. Chandelier neurons or chandelier cells are a subset of GABA-ergic cortical interneurons. They are described as parvalbumin-containing and fast-spiking to distinguish them from other subtypes of GABAergic neurons, although more recent work has suggested that only a subset of chandelier cells test positive for parvalbumin by immunostaining.

[3] The name comes from the specific shape of their axon arbors, with the terminals forming distinct arrays called "cartridges". The cartridges are immunoreactive to an isoform of the GABA membrane transporter, GAT-1, and this serves as their identifying feature.[5] GAT-1 is involved in the process of GABA reuptake into nerve terminals, thus helping to terminate its synaptic activity. Chandelier neurons synapse exclusively to the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, near the site where action potential is generated.[6] It is believed that they provide inhibitory input to the pyramidal neurons, but there is data showing that in some circumstances the GABA from chandelier neurons could be excitatory. The axon cartridges formed by chandelier cells are one of the synapse types which show the most dramatic changes during normal adolescence,[8] which could potentially be relevant to the adult onset of psychiatric disease. Furthering this link, in schizophrenia, scientists have observed changes in their form and functionality, such as 40% decrease in the axon terminal density.